AUCTORES
Globalize your Research
Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2766-2314/046
Necmettin Erbakan University, GETAT CENTER, Konya, Turkey.
*Corresponding Author: Hayriye Alp, Necmettin Erbakan University, GETAT CENTER, Konya, Turkey.
Citation: Hayriye Alp (2021) The essential oil content of Salvia offıcınalıs in Konya grown. J, Biotechnology and Bioprocessing. 2(6); DOI: 10.31579/2766-2314/046
Copyright: © 2021, Hayriye Alp, This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Received: 09 June 2021 | Accepted: 21 June 2021 | Published: 15 July 2021
Keywords: salvia officinalis,essential oil, content
Sage has been used for centuries as a sacred herb in Roman rituals to extend life, especially in china. The positive effects of the plant on health have been described frequently from the ancient Roman period until the middle ages. It is used for the treatment of bronchial infections, colds and cough. It is also traditionally used to relieve gastraintestinal symptoms such as dyspepsia, gas, indigestion, bloating. In the treatment of excessive sweating in menopause. It has been shown to be effective. Its effectiveness is used as a mouthwash in the irritation of the oral mucosa as well as in pharyngitis, tonsillitis, gingivitis, glossitis infections. These teas used in treatment are prepared as infusion, decoction and cold maceration. S. officinalis plant grown in July Organic Farm in Akyokuş region in Konya province was used. The analyzes were carried out in the Western Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute Directorate Medical and Aromatic Plants Center Laboratory in 2017. Approximately 20 g of dried plant material prepared for analysis. The sample is weighed. The weighed sample is placed in the glass clevenger flask. Approximately 10 times (200 ml) of pure water is added to the sample. It is subjected to hydrodistilation process for about 2 hours. Then the reading of the essential oil sample, which accumulates in the graduated part and creates a phase difference with water, is taken and the result is recorded in ml. Then, based on the weight, the amount of essential oil is calculated as a percentage. In our study, α-tujone 24.48%, camphor 16.45.1.8% cineol 12.38%, while viridiflorol was found as 6.5%. We think that the differences may be due to differences in geographical regions and precipitation. Ventilatory oil ratios have been shown in course studies that ontogenetic factors can also be affected by many factors.
Sage has been used for centuries as a sacred herb in Roman rituals to extend life, especially in China. The positive effects of the plant on health have been described frequently from the ancient Roman period until the middle ages. It is used for the treatment of bronchial infections, colds and cough. It is also traditionally used to relieve. Gastraintestinal symptoms such as dyspepsia, gas, indigestion, bloating. In the treatment of excessive sweating in menopause. It has been shown to be effective. Its effectiveness is used as a mouthwash in the irritation of the oral mucosa as well as in pharyngitis, tonsillitis, gingivitis, glossitis infections. These teas used in treatment are prepared as infusion, decoction and cold maceration (1,2,3,4).
In this study, we tried to determine the essential oil content of Salvia officinalis grown in Konya for 2017.
S. officinalis plant grown in July Organic Farm in Akyokuş region in Konya province was used. The analyzes were carried out in the Western Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute Directorate Medical and Aromatic Plants Center Laboratory in 2017. Approximately 20 g of dried plant material prepared for analysis. the sample is weighed. The weighed sample is placed in the glass clevenger flask. Approximately 10 times (200 ml) of pure water is added to the sample. It is subjected to hydrodistilation process for about 2 hours. Then the reading of the essential oil sample, which accumulates in the graduated part and creates a phase difference with water, is taken and the result is recorded in ml. Then, based on the weight, the amount of essential oil is calculated as a percentage.
The amount of essential oil is specified as the amount of substance defined as milliliters in 100 g of anhydrous plant obtained by distillation under the conditions specified in this standard. The principle of this method is to distill the aqueous suspension of the sample, collect the distillate in a graduated tube with a certain volume of xylene used to hold the essential oil, wait for the separation of the organic and aqueous phases, read the total volume of the organic phase, and calculate the volatile oil after extracting the xylene volume.
The components of essential oils have been determined in the West Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute / Medical Research Center Laboratory with the GC / MS device given below. Samples were diluted 1: 100 with hexane for analysis. The essential oil component analysis of the samples was carried out using GC / GC-MS (Gas chromatography (Agilent 7890A) -mass detector (Agilent 5975C)) using a capillary column (HP Innowax Capillary; 60.0 m x 0.25 mm x 0.25 μm). Helium was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 0.8 ml / min in the analysis, and samples were injected into the device as 1 μl at a split ratio of 40: 1. The injector temperature was kept at 250 ° C, the column temperature program was set to be 60 ° C (10 minutes), 20 ° C / minute and 250 ° C (10.5 minutes) from 60 ° C to 250 ° C. In line with this temperature program, the total analysis time was 30 minutes. Scanning range (m / z) 35-450 atomic mass units and electron bombardment ionization 70 eV were used for the mass detector. In the diagnosis of essential oil components, the data of WILEY and OIL ADAMS libraries were taken as basis. Component percentages of the results were made using the FID detector, and the diagnosis of the components was made using the MS detector.
Essential oils are the effective ingredients of most of the important medicinal and aromatic plants produced in the world (5). The ratio of essential oils, an important secondary metabolite for plants, varies depending on many factors. On the ratio of essential oils; The genotype of the plants used in production, the climate and soil characteristics of the region where the production is made and the cultivation techniques are effective (6). One of the most important cultivation techniques that affect the rate of essential oil is when the plants are harvested. Studies have shown that the proportion of essential oil that aromatic plants contain varies depending on the growth period of the plant (7,8,9). This is of great importance for manufacturers who want to produce standard quality products. Because even if all the production-related applications are fulfilled completely, the harvest at the wrong time affects the essential oil content of the product negatively. This decreases the market value of the product. In order to eliminate this negativity, it is necessary to determine the most appropriate harvest times of the aromatic plants to be produced according to the production regions.
The parts of sage used as drugs are leaves (Folia Salviae), flowers (Flores Salviae) and essential oil (Oleum Salviae) obtained from leaves and flowers, and the most important bioactive substance is the essential oil they contain (10). While the rate of essential oil in the fresh leaves of the plant is around 0.38%, this rate varies between 0.50-2.50% in drug leaves (12; 14). In the codex, the essential oil ratio is required to be at least 1.5% (13).
In the Karayel study, the main components of the essential oils in sage analyzes grown in Kütahya ecology were α-thujone 26.56%, 1.8-Cineole 14.01%, Viridiflorol 14.67%; The second form was made in autumn and the main component was α-thujone 39.51%, Camphor 20.22%, 1.8-Cineole 10.27%. The substance desired to be obtained was determined as α-thujone (39.51%)(15).
In our study, α-tujone 24.48%, camphor 16.45.1.8% cineol 12.38%, while viridiflorol was found as 6.5%. We think that the differences may be due to differences in geographical regions and precipitation. Ventilatory oil ratios have been shown in course studies that ontogenetic factors can also be affected by many factors.
The proportion and components of essential oils of medicinal and aromatic plants change under the influence of the environment, genetic factors, and aquaculture practices (16). Likewise, the rate and composition of essential oils of aromatic plants differ depending on the developmental period of the plants. Considering this situation, when cultivating aromatic plants, it is of great importance to harvest the plants at the appropriate time in order to obtain the most essential oils and oils with the essential oil composition that are most suitable for the purpose of production.
The leaf drop of Salvia officinalis is registered with the European Pharmacopoeia and has a positive monograph of the German E commission. It contains tujon. Salvia triloba leaf drogu is similar to salvia officinalis leaves in terms of chemical structure and treatment. Salvia triloba is used instead of medicinal sage since it does not grow naturally in Turkey. This strain, which contains traces of tujon, is also included in the European pharmacopoeia. The drug of both medicinal plants is accepted as medicinal sage in the scientific platform.
The essential oil of Salvia officinalis contains 50-30% tujon and isotujon in a mixture. This mixture is cytotoxic. The essential oil is 1.5-2.5%. According to the European pharmacopoeia, the whole drug is required to contain at least 1.5% essential oil and the chopped drug at least 1%. Essential oil is mainly composed of monoterpenes. It is desirable that it contains essential oil. Essential oil consists mainly of monoterpenes. It contains 30-50% tujone in its structure.It contains 20-35
The usage of Dalmatian sage and Turkish sage show the same properties. It is used in colds, tonsillitis, pharyngitis. When using the infusion should be careful not to be hot. It is used as a gargle every 2 hours. It has bactericidal effects as it is herbal relaxing. It has spectrum. It is antibacterially effective against gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria as well as fungi, especially candida albicans.
The antibacterial effect of Dalmatian tea has been shown that carnosolic acid, which is a diterpene bitter substance, prevents replication by affecting the RNA synthesis in bacteria. Although this effect is also in Turkish sage, the study was made with Dalmatian sage and has an antibiotic effect. Sage, which also has antiviral properties, is especially used in vesiculobullous stomatitis of herpes simplex viruses. 1,8 cineol found in both sage also gives expectorant property. According to recent studies, it is known that topical anti-inflammatory effects are mostly caused by ursolic acid in inflammatory diseases of the mouth and throat area. the astringent effect has also been proven. It has antioxidant properties, it shows astringent properties thanks to its chlorogenic acid, ellaganic acid, epicatechin and epiglocatechingallate. The fields of use of Dalmatian sage, approved according to the German E commission, include dyspeptic diseases, feeling of fullness, mild gastrointestinal cramps, treatment of hyperhidrosis and mouth throat mucosa diseases. As approved by the commission E of Dalmatian sage, it has antiperspirant properties, not increasing perspiration, contrary to its traditional use.
4-6 g / day should be used internally. Infusion of 1 teaspoon of sage leaves with 150 ml of hot water as a medicinal tea is prepared, kept for 10-15 minutes with the top covered, and infused. The reason for the long duration of this period is to allow the bacteriostatic effective tannin compounds to pass into the water. In this way, it is accompanied by astringent effect; sips are drunk. This medicinal tea is also used as mouthwash for stomatitis and gingivitis. It is especially recommended for mouth and throat infections and herpes viruses. If it is used more than 15g daily dose, it may cause tachycardia, hot flushes, and dizziness, depending on its content.
Dalmatian sage is contraindicated in epileptic patients during pregnancy and lactation due to the thujone it contains. It can only be used as mouthwash after the fourth month of pregnancy, not exceeding 2 times a day, and for a total of 4 weeks (4).
The chemical compositions of essential oils of aromatic plants differ under the influence of the genotypes of the plants used in production, the ecological conditions of the production area and the cultivation practices. One of the factors affecting the change in essential oil composition is the plant growth period when the harvest is made. The ratio of essential oil components in plants varies greatly depending on the developmental period in which the harvest is made. This change is more noticeable in the main components that make up the essential oil. In this study, the main components of the essential oil of medicinal sage, alpha-thujone, camphor, bornyl acetate, germakrene, and 1.8-cineol varied depending on the different developmental stages during the harvest. This situation can be explained by the effect of the environmental conditions changing depending on the growth stages of the plant on the physiological state (biosynthesis path) of the plant and the aging that occurs in the plant organs with the progression of the vegetation period (5, 9).
Clearly Auctoresonline and particularly Psychology and Mental Health Care Journal is dedicated to improving health care services for individuals and populations. The editorial boards' ability to efficiently recognize and share the global importance of health literacy with a variety of stakeholders. Auctoresonline publishing platform can be used to facilitate of optimal client-based services and should be added to health care professionals' repertoire of evidence-based health care resources.
Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Intervention The submission and review process was adequate. However I think that the publication total value should have been enlightened in early fases. Thank you for all.
Journal of Women Health Care and Issues By the present mail, I want to say thank to you and tour colleagues for facilitating my published article. Specially thank you for the peer review process, support from the editorial office. I appreciate positively the quality of your journal.
Journal of Clinical Research and Reports I would be very delighted to submit my testimonial regarding the reviewer board and the editorial office. The reviewer board were accurate and helpful regarding any modifications for my manuscript. And the editorial office were very helpful and supportive in contacting and monitoring with any update and offering help. It was my pleasure to contribute with your promising Journal and I am looking forward for more collaboration.
We would like to thank the Journal of Thoracic Disease and Cardiothoracic Surgery because of the services they provided us for our articles. The peer-review process was done in a very excellent time manner, and the opinions of the reviewers helped us to improve our manuscript further. The editorial office had an outstanding correspondence with us and guided us in many ways. During a hard time of the pandemic that is affecting every one of us tremendously, the editorial office helped us make everything easier for publishing scientific work. Hope for a more scientific relationship with your Journal.
The peer-review process which consisted high quality queries on the paper. I did answer six reviewers’ questions and comments before the paper was accepted. The support from the editorial office is excellent.
Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. I had the experience of publishing a research article recently. The whole process was simple from submission to publication. The reviewers made specific and valuable recommendations and corrections that improved the quality of my publication. I strongly recommend this Journal.
Dr. Katarzyna Byczkowska My testimonial covering: "The peer review process is quick and effective. The support from the editorial office is very professional and friendly. Quality of the Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on cardiology that is useful for other professionals in the field.
Thank you most sincerely, with regard to the support you have given in relation to the reviewing process and the processing of my article entitled "Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of The Prostate Gland: A Review and Update" for publication in your esteemed Journal, Journal of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics". The editorial team has been very supportive.
Testimony of Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology: work with your Reviews has been a educational and constructive experience. The editorial office were very helpful and supportive. It was a pleasure to contribute to your Journal.
Dr. Bernard Terkimbi Utoo, I am happy to publish my scientific work in Journal of Women Health Care and Issues (JWHCI). The manuscript submission was seamless and peer review process was top notch. I was amazed that 4 reviewers worked on the manuscript which made it a highly technical, standard and excellent quality paper. I appreciate the format and consideration for the APC as well as the speed of publication. It is my pleasure to continue with this scientific relationship with the esteem JWHCI.
This is an acknowledgment for peer reviewers, editorial board of Journal of Clinical Research and Reports. They show a lot of consideration for us as publishers for our research article “Evaluation of the different factors associated with side effects of COVID-19 vaccination on medical students, Mutah university, Al-Karak, Jordan”, in a very professional and easy way. This journal is one of outstanding medical journal.
Dear Hao Jiang, to Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing We greatly appreciate the efficient, professional and rapid processing of our paper by your team. If there is anything else we should do, please do not hesitate to let us know. On behalf of my co-authors, we would like to express our great appreciation to editor and reviewers.
As an author who has recently published in the journal "Brain and Neurological Disorders". I am delighted to provide a testimonial on the peer review process, editorial office support, and the overall quality of the journal. The peer review process at Brain and Neurological Disorders is rigorous and meticulous, ensuring that only high-quality, evidence-based research is published. The reviewers are experts in their fields, and their comments and suggestions were constructive and helped improve the quality of my manuscript. The review process was timely and efficient, with clear communication from the editorial office at each stage. The support from the editorial office was exceptional throughout the entire process. The editorial staff was responsive, professional, and always willing to help. They provided valuable guidance on formatting, structure, and ethical considerations, making the submission process seamless. Moreover, they kept me informed about the status of my manuscript and provided timely updates, which made the process less stressful. The journal Brain and Neurological Disorders is of the highest quality, with a strong focus on publishing cutting-edge research in the field of neurology. The articles published in this journal are well-researched, rigorously peer-reviewed, and written by experts in the field. The journal maintains high standards, ensuring that readers are provided with the most up-to-date and reliable information on brain and neurological disorders. In conclusion, I had a wonderful experience publishing in Brain and Neurological Disorders. The peer review process was thorough, the editorial office provided exceptional support, and the journal's quality is second to none. I would highly recommend this journal to any researcher working in the field of neurology and brain disorders.
Dear Agrippa Hilda, Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Editorial Coordinator, I trust this message finds you well. I want to extend my appreciation for considering my article for publication in your esteemed journal. I am pleased to provide a testimonial regarding the peer review process and the support received from your editorial office. The peer review process for my paper was carried out in a highly professional and thorough manner. The feedback and comments provided by the authors were constructive and very useful in improving the quality of the manuscript. This rigorous assessment process undoubtedly contributes to the high standards maintained by your journal.
International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews. I strongly recommend to consider submitting your work to this high-quality journal. The support and availability of the Editorial staff is outstanding and the review process was both efficient and rigorous.
Thank you very much for publishing my Research Article titled “Comparing Treatment Outcome Of Allergic Rhinitis Patients After Using Fluticasone Nasal Spray And Nasal Douching" in the Journal of Clinical Otorhinolaryngology. As Medical Professionals we are immensely benefited from study of various informative Articles and Papers published in this high quality Journal. I look forward to enriching my knowledge by regular study of the Journal and contribute my future work in the field of ENT through the Journal for use by the medical fraternity. The support from the Editorial office was excellent and very prompt. I also welcome the comments received from the readers of my Research Article.
Dear Erica Kelsey, Editorial Coordinator of Cancer Research and Cellular Therapeutics Our team is very satisfied with the processing of our paper by your journal. That was fast, efficient, rigorous, but without unnecessary complications. We appreciated the very short time between the submission of the paper and its publication on line on your site.
I am very glad to say that the peer review process is very successful and fast and support from the Editorial Office. Therefore, I would like to continue our scientific relationship for a long time. And I especially thank you for your kindly attention towards my article. Have a good day!
"We recently published an article entitled “Influence of beta-Cyclodextrins upon the Degradation of Carbofuran Derivatives under Alkaline Conditions" in the Journal of “Pesticides and Biofertilizers” to show that the cyclodextrins protect the carbamates increasing their half-life time in the presence of basic conditions This will be very helpful to understand carbofuran behaviour in the analytical, agro-environmental and food areas. We greatly appreciated the interaction with the editor and the editorial team; we were particularly well accompanied during the course of the revision process, since all various steps towards publication were short and without delay".
I would like to express my gratitude towards you process of article review and submission. I found this to be very fair and expedient. Your follow up has been excellent. I have many publications in national and international journal and your process has been one of the best so far. Keep up the great work.
We are grateful for this opportunity to provide a glowing recommendation to the Journal of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy. We found that the editorial team were very supportive, helpful, kept us abreast of timelines and over all very professional in nature. The peer review process was rigorous, efficient and constructive that really enhanced our article submission. The experience with this journal remains one of our best ever and we look forward to providing future submissions in the near future.
I am very pleased to serve as EBM of the journal, I hope many years of my experience in stem cells can help the journal from one way or another. As we know, stem cells hold great potential for regenerative medicine, which are mostly used to promote the repair response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives. I think Stem Cell Research and Therapeutics International is a great platform to publish and share the understanding towards the biology and translational or clinical application of stem cells.
I would like to give my testimony in the support I have got by the peer review process and to support the editorial office where they were of asset to support young author like me to be encouraged to publish their work in your respected journal and globalize and share knowledge across the globe. I really give my great gratitude to your journal and the peer review including the editorial office.
I am delighted to publish our manuscript entitled "A Perspective on Cocaine Induced Stroke - Its Mechanisms and Management" in the Journal of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery. The peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal are excellent. The manuscripts published are of high quality and of excellent scientific value. I recommend this journal very much to colleagues.
Dr.Tania Muñoz, My experience as researcher and author of a review article in The Journal Clinical Cardiology and Interventions has been very enriching and stimulating. The editorial team is excellent, performs its work with absolute responsibility and delivery. They are proactive, dynamic and receptive to all proposals. Supporting at all times the vast universe of authors who choose them as an option for publication. The team of review specialists, members of the editorial board, are brilliant professionals, with remarkable performance in medical research and scientific methodology. Together they form a frontline team that consolidates the JCCI as a magnificent option for the publication and review of high-level medical articles and broad collective interest. I am honored to be able to share my review article and open to receive all your comments.
“The peer review process of JPMHC is quick and effective. Authors are benefited by good and professional reviewers with huge experience in the field of psychology and mental health. The support from the editorial office is very professional. People to contact to are friendly and happy to help and assist any query authors might have. Quality of the Journal is scientific and publishes ground-breaking research on mental health that is useful for other professionals in the field”.
Dear editorial department: On behalf of our team, I hereby certify the reliability and superiority of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews in the peer review process, editorial support, and journal quality. Firstly, the peer review process of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is rigorous, fair, transparent, fast, and of high quality. The editorial department invites experts from relevant fields as anonymous reviewers to review all submitted manuscripts. These experts have rich academic backgrounds and experience, and can accurately evaluate the academic quality, originality, and suitability of manuscripts. The editorial department is committed to ensuring the rigor of the peer review process, while also making every effort to ensure a fast review cycle to meet the needs of authors and the academic community. Secondly, the editorial team of the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is composed of a group of senior scholars and professionals with rich experience and professional knowledge in related fields. The editorial department is committed to assisting authors in improving their manuscripts, ensuring their academic accuracy, clarity, and completeness. Editors actively collaborate with authors, providing useful suggestions and feedback to promote the improvement and development of the manuscript. We believe that the support of the editorial department is one of the key factors in ensuring the quality of the journal. Finally, the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is renowned for its high- quality articles and strict academic standards. The editorial department is committed to publishing innovative and academically valuable research results to promote the development and progress of related fields. The International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews is reasonably priced and ensures excellent service and quality ratio, allowing authors to obtain high-level academic publishing opportunities in an affordable manner. I hereby solemnly declare that the International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews has a high level of credibility and superiority in terms of peer review process, editorial support, reasonable fees, and journal quality. Sincerely, Rui Tao.
Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions I testity the covering of the peer review process, support from the editorial office, and quality of the journal.
